Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Effect of Salinity on germination and some seedling characteristics from three provenances of Amygdalus lycioides Effect of Salinity on germination and some seedling characteristics from three provenances of Amygdalus lycioides 97 110 20209 FA Afagh Tabande Saravi Assistant Professor, Department of Range and Watershed, Faculty of Natural Resources & Desert studies, University of Yazd, Yazd, I.R. Iran 0000-0002-2899-6538 Anahita Rashtian Assistant Professor, Department of Range and Watershed, Faculty of Natural Resources & Desert studies, University of Yazd, Yazd, I.R. Iran Somaye Naseh Dehbone M.Sc. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources & Desert studies, University of Yazd, Yazd, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2016 04 10 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed source (provenance) on germination and morphological traits of Amygdalus lycioides saplings in salt stress condition. For this purpose, the seeds of this species collected of three sites (Khoor, Ardestan and Kashan). Salinity treatment were considered at four levels (0, 1.5, 3 and 5 ds/m) of NaCl. The experiment carried as factorial in completely randomized design whit three replicates. The measured variables were germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot length, radicle length, shoot wet weight, radicle wet weight, shoot dry weight, radicle dry weight and leaf number. Result of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed salinity made significant differences in most of the investigated traits. The best response was at Ardestan provenance in control level, but this provenance indicated more sensitive in salt stress. The least sensitive was observed at Kashan provenance. Therefore, without salt stress condition, Ardestan was the best of all studied provenances, but in salt stress conditions, Kashan provenance is preferred. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed source (provenance) on germination and morphological traits of Amygdalus lycioides saplings in salt stress condition. For this purpose, the seeds of this species collected of three sites (Khoor, Ardestan and Kashan). Salinity treatment were considered at four levels (0, 1.5, 3 and 5 ds/m) of NaCl. The experiment carried as factorial in completely randomized design whit three replicates. The measured variables were germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot length, radicle length, shoot wet weight, radicle wet weight, shoot dry weight, radicle dry weight and leaf number. Result of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed salinity made significant differences in most of the investigated traits. The best response was at Ardestan provenance in control level, but this provenance indicated more sensitive in salt stress. The least sensitive was observed at Kashan provenance. Therefore, without salt stress condition, Ardestan was the best of all studied provenances, but in salt stress conditions, Kashan provenance is preferred.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20209_559dee2948ecbafd345cd7ceaf22fd40.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism in Arasbaran forests Strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism in Arasbaran forests 111 129 20210 FA Marziye Hajjarian Assistant professor, Forestry department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran 0000-0002-1415-644X Farangiz Khalledi Koure M.Sc. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran Omid Hoseinzadeh Assistant professor, Forestry department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran Ahmad Alijanpour Associate professor, Forestry department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran 0000-0003-3389-930X Journal Article 2016 03 10 Today, tourism plays an important role in the global economy. Among the different types of tourism, community-based ecotourism development is an appropriate strategy for preserving natural resources and cultural values. This development is possible through empowerment of local communities and causes the cultural, the social and the environmental stability. In the present study, group decision making approach was used in order to rank the strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism in Arasbaran. According to the judgments of experts, strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism determined and they were weighted using pairwise comparison analysis. The results showed that most of the identified strategic criteria were related to the weaknesses of laws and management, the strengths of natural resources, social strengths and threats of natural resources respectively with 9, 8, 7 and 6 criteria. The number and weight of strategic criteria related to the social strengths and opportunities revealed in Arasbaran region there are much good potential in the field of community-based ecotourism development. Today, tourism plays an important role in the global economy. Among the different types of tourism, community-based ecotourism development is an appropriate strategy for preserving natural resources and cultural values. This development is possible through empowerment of local communities and causes the cultural, the social and the environmental stability. In the present study, group decision making approach was used in order to rank the strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism in Arasbaran. According to the judgments of experts, strategic criteria affecting the development of community-based ecotourism determined and they were weighted using pairwise comparison analysis. The results showed that most of the identified strategic criteria were related to the weaknesses of laws and management, the strengths of natural resources, social strengths and threats of natural resources respectively with 9, 8, 7 and 6 criteria. The number and weight of strategic criteria related to the social strengths and opportunities revealed in Arasbaran region there are much good potential in the field of community-based ecotourism development.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20210_1120151c3d208acb5a1e23f348030851.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Flora, life form and chorological studies of Darkesh forest region in North Khorasan province Flora, life form and chorological studies of Darkesh forest region in North Khorasan province 130 142 20211 FA Leila Karimi Ph.D. candidate of Silviculture and Forest ecology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran Mohammad Reza Marvie Mohadjer Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran Khosro Sagheb-Talebi Associate Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran Manochehr Namiranian Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2016 01 31 In this study, herbal samples, through a network inventory 400×600 m were collected from square sample plots 5×5 m which were located in the study area as systematic-randomize method, in 2013. In this forest, 69 herbal species were identified that include 20 woody species (tree and shrub) and 49 herbaceous species that were belonged to the 31 plant family and 67 geniuses. The most abundant of tree and shrub species were Quercus castaneifolia, Lonicera iberica and Pyrus boissieriana, respectively. Also, the most abundant of herbal species were Silene italica, Alyssum minus and Asperula arvensis. The greatest herbal families in the study area were Lamiaceae and Rosaceae with 8 species, Poaceae 7 species and Asteraceae with 6 species. The most abundance life forms were hemicryptophytes with 31 species (44.92%) followed by phanerophytes with 20 species (28.98%). About 29% of species belonged to the Irano-Touranian region and about 20% belonged to the Euro-Siberia region (elements remaining from Hyrcanian flora). Therefore, regarding to the proportion of vegetation elements, it can be concluded that the study area is as an island that has been remained of flora of Hyrcanian forests which are emerged as an ecotone zone to the adjacent Irano-Touranian region. In this study, herbal samples, through a network inventory 400×600 m were collected from square sample plots 5×5 m which were located in the study area as systematic-randomize method, in 2013. In this forest, 69 herbal species were identified that include 20 woody species (tree and shrub) and 49 herbaceous species that were belonged to the 31 plant family and 67 geniuses. The most abundant of tree and shrub species were Quercus castaneifolia, Lonicera iberica and Pyrus boissieriana, respectively. Also, the most abundant of herbal species were Silene italica, Alyssum minus and Asperula arvensis. The greatest herbal families in the study area were Lamiaceae and Rosaceae with 8 species, Poaceae 7 species and Asteraceae with 6 species. The most abundance life forms were hemicryptophytes with 31 species (44.92%) followed by phanerophytes with 20 species (28.98%). About 29% of species belonged to the Irano-Touranian region and about 20% belonged to the Euro-Siberia region (elements remaining from Hyrcanian flora). Therefore, regarding to the proportion of vegetation elements, it can be concluded that the study area is as an island that has been remained of flora of Hyrcanian forests which are emerged as an ecotone zone to the adjacent Irano-Touranian region.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20211_bff796eb2df9d7df65dc6cdc08026e68.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Effect of active charcoal and starch on enhancement pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against second instars larvae of ash tree pest Nyssia graecarius Staudinger (Lep.:Geometridae) Effect of active charcoal and starch on enhancement pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against second instars larvae of ash tree pest Nyssia graecarius Staudinger (Lep.:Geometridae) 143 152 20212 FA Shahran Aramideh Assistant Professor, Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran 0000-0003-4220-6165 Journal Article 2016 05 30 Bacillus thuringiensis as biological agent has applied practically in pest control programs. However, the activity of this bacterium under field conditions and direct exposure of sun rays is decreased. In this study, persistence of Pathogenicity of this bacterium under field conditions and the role of protective agents includes active charcoal and starch for the first time in Iran was evaluated. Therefore, concentrations of bacteria alone and mixture with charcoal and starch in completely randomized block design experiment in three periods of time on 2nd instars larvae of Nyssia graecarius Staudinger were investigated and the protective effects of these materials in exposure of solar radiation until 9 days were evaluated. The bacteria insecticidal effect on larvae of N. graecarius was performed on basis this studies pathogenic effect of Bacillus thuringiensis after spraying on plants is decreasing significantly at less than 7 days and after 9 days its mortality was the same as control treatment. Percentage mortality of bacteria, bacteria mixed with activated charcoal, mixed with starch and control after 0, 7 and 9 day light exposure were (76.6, 70, 63.3, 6.6), (53.3, 63.6, 53.3, 10) and (30, 53.3, 40, 10), respectively. Results showed that persistence was increased when bacteria applied with active charcoal and starch and combination of Bacillus thuringiensis plus charcoal is more effective than mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis plus starch. The study showed that for increasing time and power bacteria control protective agents such as activated charcoal can be used. Bacillus thuringiensis as biological agent has applied practically in pest control programs. However, the activity of this bacterium under field conditions and direct exposure of sun rays is decreased. In this study, persistence of Pathogenicity of this bacterium under field conditions and the role of protective agents includes active charcoal and starch for the first time in Iran was evaluated. Therefore, concentrations of bacteria alone and mixture with charcoal and starch in completely randomized block design experiment in three periods of time on 2nd instars larvae of Nyssia graecarius Staudinger were investigated and the protective effects of these materials in exposure of solar radiation until 9 days were evaluated. The bacteria insecticidal effect on larvae of N. graecarius was performed on basis this studies pathogenic effect of Bacillus thuringiensis after spraying on plants is decreasing significantly at less than 7 days and after 9 days its mortality was the same as control treatment. Percentage mortality of bacteria, bacteria mixed with activated charcoal, mixed with starch and control after 0, 7 and 9 day light exposure were (76.6, 70, 63.3, 6.6), (53.3, 63.6, 53.3, 10) and (30, 53.3, 40, 10), respectively. Results showed that persistence was increased when bacteria applied with active charcoal and starch and combination of Bacillus thuringiensis plus charcoal is more effective than mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis plus starch. The study showed that for increasing time and power bacteria control protective agents such as activated charcoal can be used.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20212_dc127bda5df53dee01b00952c775b2df.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Study on production, felling and processing costs of first thinning operation in a reforested stand (case study: Tyrum rood) Study on production, felling and processing costs of first thinning operation in a reforested stand (case study: Tyrum rood) 153 165 20213 FA Peyman Hamedi Ghazi M.Sc. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran Seyed Rostam Mousavi Mirkala Assistant professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran Ahmad Samadi Ph.D. student of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2016 01 29 In this research, the production rate and cost of felling and processing in the first thinning of Tyrum rood forest located in northern Iran has been studied in 2013. The study area was reforested by species such as Populus spp., Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis, Alnus subcordata, Acer velutinum in 1984. Overall, 132 cycles of felling and processing were recorded. Time study technique was used for calculating hourly production. After defining work phase elements, the influencing variable on each element was determined using stepwise multivariate regression. The results showed that the time consumption of felling and processing was as a function of influencing variables such as diameter, volume, and tree’s distance. The average production rate for all species was 2.8 m3 per hour. The average unit production cost obtained 61522 Rials per m3. Overall, unit cost of felling and processing operation mostly depends on the tree size and tree branching size and structure. As a general rule, as tree size increases, the unit cost decreases, therefore Populus spp was more economical than other above mentioned species. In this research, the production rate and cost of felling and processing in the first thinning of Tyrum rood forest located in northern Iran has been studied in 2013. The study area was reforested by species such as Populus spp., Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis, Alnus subcordata, Acer velutinum in 1984. Overall, 132 cycles of felling and processing were recorded. Time study technique was used for calculating hourly production. After defining work phase elements, the influencing variable on each element was determined using stepwise multivariate regression. The results showed that the time consumption of felling and processing was as a function of influencing variables such as diameter, volume, and tree’s distance. The average production rate for all species was 2.8 m3 per hour. The average unit production cost obtained 61522 Rials per m3. Overall, unit cost of felling and processing operation mostly depends on the tree size and tree branching size and structure. As a general rule, as tree size increases, the unit cost decreases, therefore Populus spp was more economical than other above mentioned species.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20213_ab3036cc879209ec48aad5f7476cd377.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 Comparing leaf area index at different distances from constructed forest roads edge in Hyrcanian forest (Case study: a hornbeam-beech forest in Kheyrud, Mazandaran) Comparing leaf area index at different distances from constructed forest roads edge in Hyrcanian forest (Case study: a hornbeam-beech forest in Kheyrud, Mazandaran) 167 178 20214 FA Azadeh Deljouei Ph.D. candidate of Forest engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi Ph.D. candidate of Silviculture and Forest ecology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran 0000-0001-5562-6770 Ehsan Abdi Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2016 04 08 The aim of this study was to investigate LAI in main forest roads edge and comparing it at different distances in hornbeam-beech type. Study site was chosen in Namkhane district of Kheyrud Forest, in addition, LAI values were estimated along with16 transects having 100 meters length from the both edges of roadside into the forest (at each transect 9 points at the distances of zero (roadside), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 100 meters from the main road) by using hemispherical photography method. The results of ANOVA analysis showed the effect of distance from road were significant on LAI value (p<0.001). Based on Tukey’s test, the LAI value at 100 meter was significantly greater than 15, 10, 5 and zero intervals of forest roads (p < 0.05). The best correlation between LAI and distances from roads based on values of R2 adj (0.60), and RMSE percentage (9.13) was positive power. Results showed that main forest roads up to 15 meters had an effect on LAI. Therefore, the less traffic and narrow roadbed and constructing the standard forest roads with respect to principle of close-to-nature in Kheyrud caused stress reduction on forest ecosystems. In general, when all ecological issues are considered while forest roads construction, roads will have little influence on forest ecological balance. The aim of this study was to investigate LAI in main forest roads edge and comparing it at different distances in hornbeam-beech type. Study site was chosen in Namkhane district of Kheyrud Forest, in addition, LAI values were estimated along with16 transects having 100 meters length from the both edges of roadside into the forest (at each transect 9 points at the distances of zero (roadside), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 100 meters from the main road) by using hemispherical photography method. The results of ANOVA analysis showed the effect of distance from road were significant on LAI value (p<0.001). Based on Tukey’s test, the LAI value at 100 meter was significantly greater than 15, 10, 5 and zero intervals of forest roads (p < 0.05). The best correlation between LAI and distances from roads based on values of R2 adj (0.60), and RMSE percentage (9.13) was positive power. Results showed that main forest roads up to 15 meters had an effect on LAI. Therefore, the less traffic and narrow roadbed and constructing the standard forest roads with respect to principle of close-to-nature in Kheyrud caused stress reduction on forest ecosystems. In general, when all ecological issues are considered while forest roads construction, roads will have little influence on forest ecological balance.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20214_9866fe8e814f0edfdc7b63b6f5e10fd3.pdf

Urmia University Forest Research and Development 2476-3551 2 2 2016 08 22 The interaction effect of temperature and drought on seed germination of Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) The interaction effect of temperature and drought on seed germination of Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) 179 189 20215 FA Fateme Aliyari M.Sc. of Forestry, Natural Resources and Geosciences Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran Ali Soltani Assistant professor, Forest science department, Natural Resources and Geosciences Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran Mehrdad Zarafshar Natural Resources Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, I.R. Iran 0000-0001-9334-4432 Ali Sattarian Associate Professor, Fisheries and Forestry department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2016 02 03 The current experiment was done on Cypress, as one of the most important species in urban forestry, to provide a hydrothermal time model under controlled conditions in a laboratory. The model is designed with respect to stress tolerance thresholds for seed germination. Five different temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 C°) and drought (0, -0.5, -1, -1.5 and -2 MPa) treatments were applied on the seeds. The optimum temperature (To) and basic temperature (Tb) were obtained 21/05 C° and 6/041 C° respectively. The hydrotime constant (θH) for this species was 0/35. The results showed that the decreasing in water potential and temperature caused germination percentage decrease. Temperature and water potential factors had independent and interaction effects significantly on time and percent germination. Finally hydrothermal time model is provided for the species. The current experiment was done on Cypress, as one of the most important species in urban forestry, to provide a hydrothermal time model under controlled conditions in a laboratory. The model is designed with respect to stress tolerance thresholds for seed germination. Five different temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 C°) and drought (0, -0.5, -1, -1.5 and -2 MPa) treatments were applied on the seeds. The optimum temperature (To) and basic temperature (Tb) were obtained 21/05 C° and 6/041 C° respectively. The hydrotime constant (θH) for this species was 0/35. The results showed that the decreasing in water potential and temperature caused germination percentage decrease. Temperature and water potential factors had independent and interaction effects significantly on time and percent germination. Finally hydrothermal time model is provided for the species.

https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_20215_4133bf785d4ca536bb9544c843a4bd62.pdf