تأثیر بهره‌برداری سنتی بر تنوع و ترکیب گونه‌های چوبی از طریق تجزیه‌وتحلیل تطبیقی قوس‌گیری‌شده در جنگل‌های سردشت (استان آذربایجان غربی)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر بهره­برداری سنتی بر تنوع و ترکیب گونه­های چوبی، دو توده جنگلی دست‌خورده و کمتر­دست‌خورده با شرایط فیزیوگرافیکی و فلوریستیکی مشابه در شهرستان سردشت انتخاب شدند و 30 قطعه‌نمونه دایره­ای شکل 1000 متر­مربعی در یک شبکه ­50×50 متری در دو منطقه پیاده شد و فراوانی و نوع گونه­های چوبی ثبت شدند. میانگین شاخص­های غنای گونه­ای مارگالف، یکنواختی پایلو، تنوع گونه­ای شانون­-وینر و سیمپسون در هر قطعه­نمونه محاسبه و نرمال بودن آنها با آزمون کولموگروف-اسمیرنوف بررسی شد. برای آزمون معنی­دار­بودن اختلاف بین میانگین­ها از آزمون تی غیرجفتی برای داده­های نرمال و آزمون من­ویتنی­یو برای داده‌های غیر­نرمال استفاده شد. برای رج­بندی نمونه­های پوشش گیاهان چوبی از روش آنالیز تطبیقی قوس­گیری­شده استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد که بین میانگین شاخص­های غنا و تنوع گونه­ای در دو منطقه به شکل معنی‌داری اختلاف وجود دارد، اما اختلاف بین میانگین شاخص یکنواختی گونه­ای در دو توده معنی­دار نیست. همچنین با توجه به همبستگی بالای محور اول آنالیز تطبیقی قوس­گیری­شده و مشخصه­های تخریبی مانند قطع، سرشاخه­زنی، چرای دام، تعداد جست و نیز با مشخصه­های کمی مانند سطح­ مقطع و تعداد پایه، می­توان به این نتیجه رسید که این مشخصه­ها در تفکیک قطعات نمونه توده­های موردبررسی تأثیرگذار بوده­اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of traditional utilization on woody species composition and diversity through Detrended Correspondence Analyses in the Sardasht Forests (West Azerbaijan Province)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sahar Mokaram Kashtiban 1
  • Seyed Rostam Mousavi Mirkala 2
  • Javad Eshaghi-Rad 3
1 Ph.D. candidate of Silviculture and Forest ecology, Department of forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, I. R. Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Forestry Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Forestry Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

In order to investigate the effect of traditional utilization on the diversity and composition of woody species diversity in the western oak forest, two disturbed and less disturbed stands were selected with similar physiographic and floristic conditions. Therefore, 30 circularly shape plots with 1000 m2 surface area were established based on random-systematic sampling with 50×50 m network dimensions. In each sample plot, the frequency and type of woody species were recorded in the prepared sheets of inventory. The average Margalaf species richness indices, Pielo evenness, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson species diversity were calculated in each plot and normalized by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To test the significance of the difference between the mean of indices, t-student test was used for normal data and Mann-Whitney U test for abnormal data. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used for ordination of the woody species samples. The results of the study showed that the means of richness and diversity indices in the disturbed stand were significantly lower than in the less disturbed stand; however, the mean of evenness index did not show any statistically significant differences between two stands. High correlation of first axis of DCA proves the importance of destructive factors, such as cutting, branching, frequency of copping, grazing, and qualitative factors, such as basal area and number of trees. These factors plays an important role in differentiation of the forest stands.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Branching
  • Cutting
  • Disturbed stand
  • Grazing
  • Less disturbed stand
  • Species richness
- Abasi, S., S. M. Hosseini, B. Pilevar & H. Zare, 2009. Effects of conservation on woody species diversity in shtorankooh region, Lorestan, Iranian Journal of Forest, 1(1): 1-10. (In Persian)
- Alijanpour, A., J. Eshaghi Rad & A. Banj Shafiei, 2009. Investigation and comparison of two protected and non-protected forest stands regeneration diversity in Arasbaran, Iranian Journal of Forest, 1(3): 209-217. (In Persian)
- Amiri, M., D. Dargahi, H. Habashi, D. Azadfar & N. Solaymani, 2009. Comparision of regeneration density and species diversity in managed and natural stands of Loveh Oak Forest, Journal of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 15(6): 44-53.
- Ardakani, M., 2006. Ecology, Tehran University Press, 340 p. (In Persian)
- Carmel, Y., R. Kadmon & R. Nirel, 2001. Spatiotemporal predictive models of Mediterranean vegetation dynamics, Ecological Applications, 11(1): 268-280.
- Cervellini, M., S. Fiorini, A. Cavicchi, G. Campetella, E. Simonetti, S. Chelli, R. Canullo & A. Gimona, 2017. Relationships between understory specialist species and local management practices in coppiced forests–Evidence from the Italian Apennines, Forest Ecology and Management, 385: 35-45.‏
- Erfanifard, S. Y. & H. Soleimani, 2012. Protective effect on the biodiversity of trees species and shrubs in the Zagros forests masses (Case study: the Juniper masses, Fars Province). Proceedings of First National Congress of Zagros forests (challenges, threats and opportunities), Shiraz, Iran. 7 p. (In Persian)
- Garet, J., F. Raulier, D. Pothier & S. G. Cumming, 2012. Forest age class structures as indicators of sustainability in boreal forest: Are we measuring them correctly? Ecological indicators, 23: 202-210.‏
- Gauch Jr, H. G., 1982. Noise reduction by eigenvector ordinations, Ecology, 63(6): 1643-1649.
- Ghazanfari, H. A., M. Namiranian, H. Sobhani, M. R. Marvi Mohadjer & K. Pourtahmasi, 2005. An Estimation of Tree Diameter Growth of Lebanon Oak (Quercus libani) in Northern Zagross Forests (Case Study, Havareh khole), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 57(4): 549-662. (In Persian)
- Ghomi Avili, A., S. M. Hosseini, A. A. Metaji & S. Gh. A. Jalali, 2007. Study of wood species biological diversity and breeding in two managed communities region in the Kheyroudkenar Noshahr, Journal of Environmental Studies, 33(43): 101-106. (In Persian)
- Gray, R. E., R. M. Ewers, M. J. Boyle, A. Y. Chung & R. J. Gill, 2018. Effect of tropical forest disturbance on the competitive interactions within a diverse ant community, Scientific Reports, 8(1): 5131
- He, M., J. Zheng, X. Li & Y. Qian, 2007. Environmental factors affecting vegetation composition in the Alxa Plateau, China, Journal of Arid Environments, 69(3): 473-489.
- Henareh Khalyani, A. & A. L. Mayer, 2013. Spatial and temporal deforestation dynamics of Zagros forests (Iran) from 1972 to 2009, Landscape and Urban Planning, 117: 1-12.
- Heydari, M., H. Pourbabaei & O. Esmailzadeh, 2015. The effects of habitat characteristics and human destructions on understory plant species biodiversity and soil in Zagros forest ecosystem, Journal of plant researches (Iranian journal of biology), 28(3): 535-548.
- Iordan, C. M., F. Verones & F. Cherubini, 2018. Integrating impacts on climate change and biodiversity from forest harvest in Norway, Ecological Indicators, 89: 411-421.‏
- Jazirei, M. H. & M. Ebrahimi Rastaghi, 2003. Silviculture in Zagros, University of Tehran press, Tehran, 560 p. (In Persian)
- Krebs, C. J., 1998. Ecological Methodology. Addison Wesley Longman Incorporation, 620 p.
Marvi Mhajer, M. R., 2006. Silviculture, Tehran University Press, Tehran, 387 p.
- Mesdaghi, M., 2001. Vegetation description and Analysis: a practical approach, Jehad Daneshgahi of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, 283 p. (In Persian)
- Mirzaei, J., M. Akbarinia, S. M. Hosseni & M. Kohzadi, 2008. Biodiversity comparison of woody and ground vegetation species in relation to environmental factors in different aspects of Zagros forest, Environmental Sciences, 5(3): 85-94.
- Mishra, B., O. Tripathi, R. Tripathi & H. Pandey, 2004. Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant diversity and community structure of a sacred grove in Meghalaya, northeast India, Biodiversity and Conservation, 13(2): 421-436.
- Mokaram Kashtiban, S., S. R. Mousavi Mirkala & J. Eshaghi Rad, 2016. Influence of traditional forest harvesting on woody species diversity at different vertical layers of oak forest: A case study, International Journal of Ecology and Development, 31(3): 1-12.
- Namiranian, M., A. Henareh Khalyani, Gh. Zahedi Amiri & H. Ghazanfari, 2008. Study of different restoration and regeneration techniques in northern Zagros (Case study: Armardeh oak forest, Baneh), Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(4): 386-397. (In Persian)
- Newbold, T., L. N. Hudson, A. P. Arnell, S. Contu, A. De Palma, S. Ferrier, S. L. L. Hill, A. J. Hoskins, I. Lysenko, H. R. P. Phillips, V. J. Burton, C. W. T. Chng, S. Emerson, D. Gao, G. Pask-Hale, J. Hutton, M. Jung, K. Sanchez-Ortiz, B. I. Simmons, S. Whitmee, H. Zhang, J. P. W. Scharlemann & A. Purvis, 2016. Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment, Science, 353(6296): 288-291.
- Parma, R. & Sh. Shataee Jouybari, 2010. Impact of physiographic and human factors on crown cover and diversity of woody species in the Zagros forests (Case study: Ghalajeh forests, Kermanshah province), Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(4): 539-555. (In Persian)
- Pato, M., A. Salehi, Gh. Zahedi Amiri & A. Banj Shafiei, 2017. The economic value of carbon storage functions in different land uses of northern Zagros forests, Journal of Forest Research and Development, 2(4): 367-377. (In Persian)
- Pourbabaei, H., 2000. Study of woody species biodiversity in Guilan Beech forests. Proceedings of In National Conference of Northern Forest Management and Sustainable Development, Ramsar, Iran, pp. 35-51. (In Persian)
- Salehzadeh, O., J. Es’haghi Rad & H. Maroofi, 2016. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on flora and plant diversity in Oak forests of west (Baneh city), Journal of Forest Research and Development, 2(3): 219-240. (In Persian)
- Shami, J., A. Banj Shafiei & O. Hosseinzadeh, 2018. Recognition of effective institutional criteria on sustainable management of Zagros forests, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(2): 161-177. (In Persian)
- Sottile, G. D., P. E. Meretta, M. S. Tonello, M. M. Bianchi & M. V. Mancini, 2015. Disturbance induced changes in species and functional diversity in southern Patagonian forest-steppe ecotone, Forest Ecology and Management, 353: 77-86.‏
- Tahmasebi, P., 2012. Ordination (Multivariate analysis of ecological data), Sharekord University press, Shahrekord, 184 p. (In Persian)
- Valipour, A., T. Plieninger, Z. Shakeri, H. Ghazanfari, M. Namiranian & M. J. Lexer, 2014. Traditional silvopastoral management and its effects on forest stand structure in northern Zagros, Iran, Forest ecology and management, 327: 221-230
- Whittaker, R. & S. Levin, 1977. The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities, Theoretical Population Biology, 12(2): 117-139.
- Wu, M., S. M. Feroz, A. Hagihara, L. Xue & Z. L. Huang, 2010. Comparative studies on vertical stratification, floristic composition, and woody species diversity of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests between the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, and South China, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 4(10): 766-771.
- Zarei, A., A. Goharnejad, P. Tahmasebi & M. Zare Chahooki, 2015. Comparison of fuzzy regression methods, conventional comparative analysis and reducing analysis in vegetation analysis in different management treatments (Case study: Mountain Kohl rangelands of Qom province), Journal of rangeland, 8(1): 37-50. (In Persian)