الگوی پراکنش گیاهان رویشگاه بادام کوهی (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) در منطقه حفاظت‌شده شاسکوه، خراسان جنوبی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری و عضوگروه پژوهشی خشکسالی و تغییر اقلیم، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: ساختار افقی جنگل به نحوه توزیع درختان در یک بوم­سازگان جنگلی اشاره دارد. الگوهای مکانی درختان و درختچه‌‌ها، اطلاعات مهمی را در مورد یکپارچگی ساختار جوامع جنگلی، پویایی جوامع گیاهی، فرآیند توالی و همزیستی گونه‌ها فراهم می‌کند. پژوهش­های متعددی در خصوص تعیین الگوی پراکنش در حوزه علوم جنگل انجام شده است و کاربرد این گونه پژوهش ها در برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت جنگل‌ها، ارزیابی و آنالیز و همچنین طرح‌های احیا و توسعه جنگل‌ها گزارش شده است. به نظر می­رسد الگوی پراکنش درختان و درختچه‌ها، تحت تاثیر درجه غالبیت و فرم رویشی گیاهان قرار می‌گیرد. از این­رو، در این پژوهش، علاوه بر تعیین الگوی پراکنش حدود 64 گونه گیاهی در رویشگاه بادام کوهی (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) در دامنه‌های جنوبی منطقه حفاظت­شده شاسکوه، خراسان جنوبی، رابطه بین فرم رویشی، دوره زندگی و درجه غالبیت گونه‌ای با الگوی پراکنش گونه‌های گیاهی بررسی شد.
مواد و روش­ها: در این پژوهش، چهار منطقه معرف رویشگاه بادام کوهی (Amygdalus scoparia) در دامنه‌های جنوبی منطقه حفاظت­شده شاسکوه انتخاب شدند. در هر منطقه معرف تعداد 20 کوادرات مربعی مستقر شد (در مجموع 80 کوادرات). برای شمارش پایه‌های گونه­های گندمی و علفی، بوته‌ای و درختچه‌ای و درختی به­ترتیب از کوادرات با ابعاد 1×1 متر، 4×4 متر و 10×10 متر استفاده شد. پس از شناسایی و شمارش گونه‌های گیاهی در کوادرات، تراکم گونه‌ای، وفور گونه‌ای و فراوانی گونه‌ای تعیین شد. سپس غالبیت گونه‌ای براساس روش طبقه‌بندی Weigmann (1973) در پنج طبقه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. برای تعیین الگوی پراکنش از شاخص‌های نسبت وفور به فراوانی، نسبت واریانس به میانگین، اندازه خوشه (ICS)، شاخص گرین (GI) و میانگین تجمع (IMC) استفاده شد. برای مقایسه دقت روش‌های کوداراتی موردبررسی در تعیین الگوی پراکنش، از ضریب تغییرات (CV) استفاده شد. از آزمون استقلال کای اسکوئر برای بررسی رابطه بین فرم رویشی، دوره زندگی و درجه غالبیت گونه‌ای با الگوی پراکنش استفاده شد. اندازه اثر و توان آزمون کای اسکوئر در سطح 05/0 محاسبه شد. کفایت نمونه‌برداری با استفاده از منحنی تجمع گونه‌ای (Species Accumulation Curve) تعیین شد.
یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد از نظر الگوی پراکنش، براساس شاخص نسبت وفور به فراوانی، حدود 97 درصد گونه‌های موردبررسی دارای الگوی کپه‌ای و 3 درصد دارای الگوی تصادفی هستند. براساس شاخص‌های کوادارتی: نسبت واریانس به میانگین (ID) و اندازه خوشه (ICS)، 84 درصد گونه‌ها دارای الگوی کپه‌ای و 16 درصد گونه‌ها دارای الگوی تصادفی هستند. براساس شاخص گرین (GI) 61 درصد الگوی پراکنش گونه‌های گیاهی منطقه موردبررسی از نوع کپه‌ای و 39 درصد از نوع تصادفی است. نتایج نشان داد که الگوی پراکنش گونه‌های فراغالب و غالب موردبررسی از نوع کپه‌ای است. تنها گونه درختی منطقه موردبررسی، بنه (Pistacia atlantica Desf) دارای الگوی تصادفی است. نتیجه آزمون استقلال کای اسکوئر نشان داد که بین فرم رویشی، دوره زندگی و درجه غالبیت گونه‌ای با الگوی پراکنش، رابطه معنی‌داری وجود ندارد (p≥0.05). نتایج نشان داد که شاخص فیشر یا نسبت واریانس به میانگین (ID) با کمترین ضریب تغییرات (86/1)، بیشترین دقت لازم برای تعیین الگوی پراکنش را دارد. از بین شاخص‌های مورد بررسی، نتیجه شاخص گرین با واقعیت زمینی بیشتر تطابق دارد. منحنی تجمع گونه‌ای نشان داد که با افزایش تعداد کوادرات به 80 عدد، 60 گونه گیاهی در منطقه موردبررسی مشاهده شد و برای ارزیابی غنای گونه‌ای کافی است.
نتیجه­گیری کلی: نتایج شاخص‌های مختلف نشان داد که الگوی پراکنش بین 61 تا 97 درصد گونه‌های موردبررسی از نوع کپه‌ای است. از آنجایی که یک شاخص به تنهایی نمی‌تواند تخمین‌های دقیقی از الگوی پراکنش ارائه دهد، در این پژوهش از پنج شاخص کوادراتی رایج استفاده شد. از بین شاخص‌های موردبررسی، شاخص میانگین تجمع (IMC) الگوی پراکنش حدود 24 درصد از گونه‌های مورد بررسی را یکنواخت تشخیص داد، چندان با واقعیت هم­خوانی ندارد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که الگوی پراکنش گیاهان مستقل از فرم رویشی و درجه غالبیت گیاهان است. با این وجود، سهم گونه‌های کمیاب در الگوی پراکنش تصادفی، بیشتر از الگوی کپه‌ای است. در نهایت پیشنهاد می‌شود برای تعیین راهبرد نمونه‌برداری و انتخاب فواصل کشت گیاهان، به کپه‌ای بودن گیاهان غالب منطقه توجه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Spatial distribution pattern of plant species in mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) habitat in Shaskouh protected area, South Khorasan

نویسنده [English]

  • Moslem Rostampour
Assisstant Professor, Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management and Research Group of Drought and Climate Change, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, I. R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The horizontal structure of a forest refers to how individual trees are distributed within a forest ecosystem. Spatial patterns of trees and shrubs provide important information about the integrity of forest community structure, plant community dynamics, succession processes, and species coexistence. Several studies have been conducted regarding the distribution pattern in the forest sciences, and the application of such studies in forest planning and management, evaluation and analysis, as well as forest restoration and development plans, has been reported. It seems that the distribution pattern of trees and shrubs is affected by the degree of plant dominance and growth form. In this research, in addition to determining the distribution pattern of 64 plant species in the mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) habitat on the southern slopes of the Shaskouh protected area in South Khorasan, the relationship between growth form, life cycle and the degree of species dominance with the distribution pattern of plant species was investigated.
Methodology: In the present study, four key areas of the mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia) habitat were selected on the southern slopes of the Shaskouh protected area. In each key area, 20 quadrats were established (80 quadrats in total). Quadrats with dimensions of 1 × 1 m, 4 × 4 m, and 10 × 10 m were used to count individuals of grasses and forbs, bushes, shrubs, and trees, respectively. After identifying and counting plant species in the quadrat, species density, abundance and frequency were determined. Then, species dominance was evaluated based on Weigmann's classification method (1973) in five classes. In order to determine the distribution pattern, the indices of abundance to frequency ratio (A/F), variance-to-mean ratio (ID), Index of Cluster Size (ICS), Green's index (GI), and Index of Mean Crowding (IMC) were used. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to compare the accuracy of the investigated quadratic methods to determine the distribution pattern. A chi-square test of independence was used to examine the relationship between plant growth form, life cycle and dominance degree with distribution patterns. The effect size and power of the chi-square test were calculated at the 0.05 level. Sampling adequacy was determined using the species accumulation curve.
Results: The results showed that in terms of the distribution pattern, based on the abundance-to-frequency ratio, about 97% of the studied species have a clumped pattern and 3% have a random pattern. Based on the quadratic indices: the variance-to-mean ratio (ID) and cluster size (ICS), 84% of the species have a clumped pattern, and 16% of the species have a random pattern. Based on Green's index (GI), 61% of the distribution pattern of plant species in the studied area is clumped, and 39% is random. The results showed that the prevalence pattern of the studied eudominant and dominant species is clumped. The single tree in the studied area, Pistacia atlantica Desf., has a random pattern. The result of the chi-square test of independence showed that there is no significant relationship between growth form, the life cycle and the degree of dominance of species with distribution pattern (p≥0.05). The results showed that the Fisher index, i.e. variance-to-mean ratio (ID), with the lowest coefficient of variation (1.86) has the most accuracy for determining the distribution pattern. Among the studied quadratic indices, the result of Green's index corresponds better to reality. The species accumulation curve showed that by increasing the number of quadrats to 80, 60 plant species were observed in the studied area, and this is enough to evaluate species richness.
Conclusion: The results of various indices showed that the distribution patterns of 61–97% of the studied species are clumped. Since a single index cannot provide accurate estimates of the distribution pattern, five common quadratic indices were used in the present study. Among the studied indices, the Index of Mean Crowding (IMC) found the distribution pattern of about 24% of the studied species to be uniform, which is not consistent with reality. The results of the present study showed that the distribution pattern of plants is independent of the vegetative form and the degree of dominance of plants. Nevertheless, the contribution of rare species in the random distribution pattern is greater than the cluster pattern. Finally, it is suggested to pay attention to the clumped pattern of the dominant plants in the region to determine the sampling strategy and choose the planting intervals.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Clumped distribution
  • Dryland forests
  • Growth form
  • Quadratic indices

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پژوهش و توسعه جنگل
دوره 10، شماره 3
آذر 1403
صفحه 295-322

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