تحلیل ساختار جنگل‌های ایران: مروری بر پژوهش‌ها و یافته‌ها در بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

2 استاد، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

3 دانشیارپژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل­ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

4 استاد، گروه جنگل‌شناسی و حفاظت از طبیعت، دانشگاه کشاورزی کراکف، کراکف، لهستان

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: ساختار جنگل نمایانگر توزیع ویژگی‌های درختان در بوم­سازگان­های جنگلی است و شامل عواملی مانند سن، اندازه و نوع گونه‌ها می‌شود. بررسی ساختار جنگل برای مدیریت صحیح و حفظ تنوع زیستی ضروری است، زیرا به انتخاب روش‌های مناسب برای پایداری جنگل کمک می‌کند. همچنین، ساختار توده‌های جنگلی به­عنوان شاخصی برای ارزیابی کیفیت جنگل، زیستگاه حیات­وحش و ارزش‌های زیست‌محیطی مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد. روش‌های مختلفی برای اندازه‌گیری ساختار جنگل وجود دارد که شاخص‌های نزدیک­ترین همسایه یکی از آنهاست که به تحلیل الگوهای پراکنش و تنوع ابعاد درختان می‌پردازد. پژوهش‌های متعددی در زمینه ساختار توده‌های جنگلی در مناطق مختلف رویشی ایران انجام شده و هدف از این پژوهش، گردآوری، ترکیب، ارزیابی و جمع‌بندی تمام پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در این زمینه بدون محدودیت زمانی تا سال 2024 میلادی است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این نوشتار، مروری بر مقالات منتشر­شده در حوزه بررسی ساختار توده­های طبیعی مناطق رویشی مختلف ایران است. در پایگاه‌های ملی و بین المللی Scopus, Magiran, Science Core Collection, SciELO Citation Index, Sid, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Biological Abstract مقالاتی بدون محدودیت زمانی تا سال 2024 میلادی در مجلات داخلی و خارجی در زمینه ساختار جنگل و با موضوعاتی مانند اثر عوامل فیزیوگرافی (ارتفاع از سطح دریا، شیب، جهت) و اثر مدیریت بر ساختار توده­ها، کمّی‌سازی ساختار جنگل‌ها، تنوع گونه‌ای و ساختار جنگل، آمیختگی گونه‌ای و الگوی مکانی توده‌های جنگلی جستجو شد. در مجموع 97 مقاله در زمینه ساختار توده‌های جنگلی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که از این تعداد 47 مورد مربوط به پژوهش‌های انجام­شده در جنگل‌های شمال کشور (هیرکانی)، چهار مورد مربوط به جنگل‌های ارسباران، 40 مورد مربوط به جنگل‌های زاگرس و شش مورد مربوط به جنگل‌های خلیج و عمانی است. این مقالات بر اساس شاخص‌های ساختار عمودی و افقی، آمیختگی و وضعیت همگنی، تأثیر عوامل فیزیوگرافی و همچنین تاثیر مدیریت و دخالت‌های انسانی بر ساختار توده­های مناطق مختلف رویشی ایران، گردآوری، جمع‌بندی و در جداول جداگانه سازماندهی شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش‌های بررسی­شده با روش‌های مبتنی بر نزدیک­ترین همسایه نشان داد الگوی مکانی در توده‌های جنگلی هیرکانی و زاگرس به‌ترتیب با گونه غالب راش و بلوط، کاملا مشابه نبوده ولی در بیشتر آنها، الگوی کپه‌ای ارزیابی شده است. در مقابل در توده‌های جنگلی هیرکانی با گونه غالب غیر از راش، الگوی مکانی تصادفی یا مابین تصادفی و کپه‌ای به­دست آمد. همچنین در بررسی الگوی مکانی با دیگر روش‌های بررسی ساختار در توده‌های جنگلی هیرکانی و زاگرس در بیشتر پژوهش‌ها الگوی مکانی کپه‌ای ارزیابی شد. ساختار عمودی در توده‌های جنگلی هیرکانی، زاگرس و خلیج و عمانی نیز روند مشابهی را نشان نداد و بیشترین و کمترین تعداد آشکوب به‌ترتیب مربوط به توده‌های جنگلی هیرکانی و خلیج و عمانی است. همچنین در بیشتر پژوهش‌های بررسی­شده با روش‌های مبتنی بر نزدیک­ترین همسایه در جنگل‌های زاگرس، ارسباران و خلیج عمانی آمیختگی کم و ساختار جنگل همگن ارزیابی شد. نتایج بررسی تأثیر عوامل فیزیوگرافی (شیب، جهت، ارتفاع) بر روی مشخصه‌های غیرمکانی ساختار درختان (قطر برابرسینه، ارتفاع، سطح مقطع، سطح تاج، تعداد درختان) نشان داد که در بیشتر پژوهش‌ها در جهت‌های شمالی و شرقی میانگین شاخص‌های مورد بررسی افزایش یافته ولی با افزایش شیب و ارتفاع از سطح دریا، میانگین این مشخصه­ها کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین در بیشتر پژوهش‌ها، مدیریت و دخالت‌های انسانی بر روی مشخصه‌های غیرمکانی ساختار توده‌های جنگلی بررسی‌شده (به­جز تعداد درختان)  اثر منفی دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بررسی‌های انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهد که ساختار افقی توده‌های جنگلی در مناطق مختلف رویشی ایران متاثر از عوامل طبیعی و انسانی است. تحلیل ساختار جنگل‌های هیرکانی (راش) و زاگرس (بلوط) نشان داد الگوی غالب پراکنش افقی به‌صورت کپه‌ای است که تحت تأثیر عوامل بوم­شناسی مانند سنگینی بذر و زادآوری لکه‌ای شکل می‌گیرد. شاخص آمیختگی پایین و همگنی ابعاد درختان در مناطق مورد بررسی، حاکی از غلبه رقابت شدید یا تخریب بوم­سازگانی است. ساختار عمودی پیچیده‌تر در جنگل‌های هیرکانی و تأثیر ناهمگون عوامل فیزیوگرافی بر مشخصه‌های ساختاری از دیگر یافته‌ها است. مدیریت جنگل با تأثیر مثبت بر تراکم، اثرات منفی بر شاخص‌های غیرمکانی داشته که لزوم به‌کارگیری روش‌هایی مانند قطع گزینشی، حفظ ساختار لکه‌ای و تدوین دستورالعمل‌های حفاظتی ویژه برای مناطق حساس (به‌ویژه زاگرس) را پررنگ می‌سازد. این پژوهش با محدودیت داده‌های زمانی، نیازمند تکمیل با مدلسازی برای تحلیل روند تغییرات ساختاری و پژوهش‌های متاآنالیز بررسی­های ساختار توده­ها در پژوهش‌های آتی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing forest structure in Iran: A review of research insights and findings across forest ecosystems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoumeh Khazaei Poul 1
  • Javad Eshaghi Rad 2
  • Reza Akhavan 3
  • Jerzy Szwagrzyk 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Forest Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran
2 Professor., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran
3 Associate Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I. R. Iran
4 Professor, Department of Forest Botany and Nature Conservation, Agricultural University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Forest structure represents the distribution of tree characteristics within forest ecosystems, encompassing factors such as age, size, and species composition. Analyzing this structure is essential for effective management and biodiversity conservation, as it guides the selection of appropriate strategies for forest sustainability. Furthermore, stand structure serves as a key indicator for assessing forest quality, wildlife habitats, and environmental values. Various methods are employed to measure forest structure, including nearest-neighbor indices, which analyze spatial distribution patterns and tree dimension diversity. Numerous studies have explored forest stand structure across Iran's diverse vegetative regions. Therefore, this research aims to collect, synthesize, evaluate, and summarize all existing studies in this field, with no time constraints, up to the year 2024.
Material and Methods: This study presents a review of published literature on the structure of natural forest stands across Iran's diverse vegetative regions. Comprehensive searches were conducted in national and international databases, including Scopus, Magiran, Web of Science Core Collection, SciELO Citation Index, SID, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Biological Abstracts. The search encompassed peer-reviewed articles in both domestic and international journals up to 2024, without time constraints. Key topics included the effects of physiographic factors (elevation, slope, and aspect) and management practices on stand structure, forest structure quantification, species diversity, species mingling, and spatial patterns of forest stands. A total of 97 articles were analyzed, consisting of 47 studies from the Hyrcanian (northern) forests, 4 from the Arasbaran forests, 40 from the Zagros forests, and 6 from the Khalij-Omani forests. These studies were systematically collected and synthesized based on vertical and horizontal structure indices, species mingling, homogeneity, physiographical influences, and the impact of anthropogenic interventions on forest structure, with findings organized into distinct tables.
Results: Results from studies utilizing nearest-neighbor methods revealed that spatial patterns in the Hyrcanian and Zagros forest stands—dominated by Beech and Oak, respectively—are not entirely identical; however, most cases exhibited a clumped (aggregated) pattern. In contrast, Hyrcanian stands dominated by species other than Beech showed random or intermediate (between random and clumped) spatial patterns. Similarly, other structural analysis methods predominantly identified clumped spatial patterns in both Hyrcanian and Zagros forests. Vertical structure across the Hyrcanian, Zagros, and Khalij-Omani forests did not follow a uniform trend, with the highest and lowest number of canopy layers recorded in the Hyrcanian and Khalij-Omani forests, respectively. Furthermore, most studies employing nearest-neighbor indices in the Zagros, Arasbaran, and Khalij-Omani forests reported low species mingling and a homogeneous forest structure. Analysis of physiographic factors (slope, aspect, and elevation) on non-spatial structural characteristics (DBH, height, basal area, crown area, and tree density) indicated that while most studies observed an increase in these indices on northern and eastern aspects, they tended to decrease with increasing slope and elevation. Additionally, the majority of research highlighted that management practices and anthropogenic interventions negatively impact the non-spatial structural characteristics of the studied forest stands, with the exception of tree density.
Conclusion: This review demonstrates that the horizontal structure of forest stands across Iran's diverse vegetative regions is significantly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Structural analysis of Hyrcanian (Beech) and Zagros (Oak) forests reveals a predominant clumped distribution pattern, largely shaped by ecological factors such as seed weight and patch regeneration. Furthermore, low mingling indices and tree dimension homogeneity in the studied areas suggest intense competition or advanced ecosystem degradation. Other key findings include the more complex vertical structure of Hyrcanian forests and the heterogeneous impact of physiographic factors on structural attributes. While forest management has positively influenced tree density, it has adversely affected non-spatial structural indices, highlighting the urgent need for strategies such as selective logging, preserving patch-based structures, and developing specialized conservation guidelines for sensitive regions, particularly the Zagros. Despite the limitation of temporal data, this research underscores the necessity for future studies to incorporate modeling for structural trend analysis and meta-analyses of forest stand structures.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Beech and Oak
  • Hyrcanian forests
  • Stand structure
  • Zagros forests

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دوره 11، شماره 4
بهمن 1404
صفحه 445-478

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