نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه
2 استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه
3 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه
4 کارشناس ارشد پژوهشی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، ارومیه
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction and Objective: The Zagros forest region, as the second-largest natural forest ecosystem in Iran, represents the most extensive and significant habitat for various oak species in the country. The oak budworm (Tortrix viridana L.) is a key pest affecting these species in this region. Pheromone traps are widely used in integrated pest management programs, including for the oak budworm; however, their efficiency may vary depending on regional conditions, host plant characteristics, and pest biology. The present study aimed to investigate the biology of T. viridana, the effect of altitude on the efficacy of pheromone traps, and the influence of trap placement and installation height on the capture rate of oak budworm adults in the Mirabad area of Sardasht.
Materials and Methods: Pest biology was assessed through weekly sampling of larvae at different developmental stages and pupae. The effect of host oak species on pest development was evaluated by measuring the weight of final-instar larvae and pupae in the Pardanān and Mirabad areas (each area included 1,500 larvae and 1,500 pupae from two oak species, Quercus infectoria and Q. brantii). To assess the impact of altitude on trap efficiency, three altitudinal strata (1,100–1,200 m, 1,200–1,300 m, and 1,300–1,400 m above sea level) were selected in the eastern part of the study area, and 10 pheromone traps were installed in the outer canopy of oak trees at each stratum (totaling 30 traps). To examine the effect of trap location, 10 traps were installed inside the canopy and 10 outside. To evaluate installation height, 10 traps were placed at 1.5 m and 10 traps at 3 m above ground level. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.
Results: The oak budworm exhibits five larval instars, followed by prepupal and pupal stages. The first pupae were observed in late May. Adults emerge from pupae, mate, and lay eggs; the species has one generation per year, with overwintering occurring in the egg stage. Adult activity lasts approximately 30–40 days. The first adult emergence occurred in early June, peaking on 10 June, and activity ceased by mid-July. Females deposit eggs in clusters of 2–4 on young branches near buds, ensuring immediate access to food for emerging larvae. Larval scales range from gray to brown, camouflaging with branches and making detection difficult without expertise. Significant differences were observed in the mean weight of final-instar larvae between the two oak species (p < 0.05), with the highest larval weight recorded on Q. infectoria in Mirabad. Larval and pupal weights were higher in 2021 compared to 2011, and pupae from Q. infectoria were heavier than those from Q. brantii. Capture rates of adults by pheromone traps differed significantly across altitudinal strata, with the highest captures at 1,100–1,200 m. Traps installed inside the canopy captured more adults than those outside, whereas the height of installation within the canopy (upper vs. lower) did not significantly affect captures, with mean captures of 43 and 46 adults per trap, respectively.
Conclusion: The Mirabad protected area of Sardasht experiences high infestation levels of oak budworm, as confirmed by the large number of adults captured with pheromone traps. Comparison of data from 2011 and 2021 indicates a marked increase in pest population and expansion across most areas of West Azerbaijan Province. The optimal trap placement was found to be within the lower half of the tree canopy at altitudes of 1,100–1,200 m. In areas with high pest density, installation in the upper canopy is not recommended, as it reduces efficiency and increases labor requirements for pest management operations.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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