Genetic diversity and structure of Iranian wild apples (Malus orientalis Uglitzk) distributed in Iran using SSR markers

Document Type : Scientific article

Authors

1 Ph.D. student of forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R. Iran

2 Environmental sciences, Natural resources faculty, Tarbiat Modares University

3 Associate Prof., Department of Agriculture, Institute of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Prof., Temperate Fruits Research Centre, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Caucasian apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk) is one of the forest-garden species of Iran that is distributed in Hyrcanian and Zagros vegetation areas in Iran. In this study, the diversity and genetic structure of Caucasian apples were investigated using 26 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the observed heterozygosity was between 0.46 - 0.83 and the allelic richness was between 1.54 - 1.84. In more than 80% of habitats, heterozygosity was expected to be within the expected range. Our finding suggests that between Iranian populations wild apples have not experienced a genetic bottleneck in the recent result. The range of inoculation coefficient for Caucasian apples in Hyrcanian forest was between -0.84 and 0.81 and for Zagros forest was between -0.2 and 0.81. The mean gene flow is 0.24 and 0.69 for the Hyrcanian forest and Zagros forest, respectively. Based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only populations from Lorestan province and Dorak region from Golestan province were deviated. The study of the results of genetic structure also indicates the formation of three completely different structures for Caucasian apple populations in Iran. based on the analysis of principal components analysis, Hyrcanian and Zagros regions showed a completely different structure from each other‎.

Keywords

References

Amirchakhmaghi, N.; Yousefzadeh, H.; Hosseinpour, B.; Espahbodi, K.; Aldaghi, M.; Cornille, A., First Insight into Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Caucasian Wild Apple (Malus Orientalis Uglitzk.) in the Hyrcanian Forest (Iran) and Its Resistance to Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew. Genetic resources and crop evolution 2018, 65 (4), 1255–1268.
Belkhir, K.; Castric, V.; Bonhomme, F., IDENTIX, a Software to Test for Relatedness in a Population Using Permutation Methods. Molecular ecology 2002, 2 (4), 611–614.
Coart, E.; Vekemans, X.; Smulders, M. J. M.; Wagner, I.; Van Huylenbroeck, J.; Van Bockstaele, E.; Roldán-Ruiz, I., Genetic Variation in the Endangered Wild Apple (Malus Sylvestris (L.) Mill.) in Belgium as Revealed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Microsatellite Markers. Molecular ecology 2003, 12 (4), 845–857.
Cornille, A.; Giraud, T.; Smulders, M. J. M.; Roldán-Ruiz, I.; Gladieux, P., The Domestication and Evolutionary Ecology of Apples. Trends Genet 2014, 30 (2), 57–65.
Cornille, A.; Gladieux, P.; Giraud, T., Crop-to-Wild Gene Flow and Spatial Genetic Structure in the Closest Wild Relatives of the Cultivated Apple. Evolutionary Applications 2013, 6 (5), 737–748.
Evenson, R. E.; Gollin, D., Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 2003, 300 (5620), 758–762.
Fischer, A.; Schmidt, M., Wilde Kern-Und Steinobstarten, Ihre Heimat Und Ihre Bedeutung Für Die Entstehung Der Kultursorten Und Die Züchtung. Der Züchter 1938, 10 (6), 157–167.
Gharaghani, A.; Solhjoo, S.; Oraguzie, N., A Review of Genetic Resources of Pome Fruits in Iran. Genet. Resour. Crop Evolution 2016, 63 (1), 151–172.
Gharghani, A.; Zamani, Z.; Talaie, A.; Oraguzie, N. C.; Fatahi, R.; Hajnajari, H.; Wiedow, C.; Gardiner, S. E., Genetic Identity and Relationships of Iranian Apple (Malus× Domestica Borkh.) Cultivars and Landraces, Wild Malus Species and Representative Old Apple Cultivars Based on Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Marker Analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 2009, 56 (6), 829–842.
Henzler-Wildman, K. A.; Lei, M.; Thai, V.; Kerns, S. J.; Karplus, M.; Kern, D. A., Hierarchy of Timescales in Protein Dynamics Is Linked to Enzyme Catalysis. Nature 2007, 450 (7171), 913–916.
Hubisz, M. J.; Falush, D.; Stephens, M.; Pritchard, J. K., Inferring Weak Population Structure with the Assistance of Sample Group Information. Molecular ecology resources 2009, 9 (5), 1322–1332.
Li, Y. L.; Liu, J. X., StructureSelector: A Web-Based Software to Select and Visualize the Optimal Number of Clusters Using Multiple Methods. Molecular ecology resources 2018, 18 (1), 176–177.
Miller, M. P., Alleles In Space (AIS): Computer Software for the Joint Analysis of Interindividual Spatial and Genetic Information. Journal of Heredity 2005, 96 (6), 722–724.
Mittermeier, R. A.; Gil, P.; Hoffman, M.; Pilgrim, J.; Brooks, T.; Mittermeier, C. G., Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. México: CEMEX 1999.
Nei, M.; Maruyama, T.; Chakraborty, R., The Bottleneck Effect and Genetic Variability in Populations. Evolution 1975, 1–10.
Patocchi, A.; Frei, A.; Frey, J. E.; Kellerhals, M., Towards Improvement of Marker Assisted Selection of Apple Scab Resistant Cultivars: Venturia Inaequalis Virulence Surveys and Standardization of Molecular Marker Alleles Associated with Resistance Genes. Molecular Breeding 2009, 24 (4), 337–347.
Piry, S.; Luikart, G.; Cornuet, J.-M., Computer Note. BOTTLENECK: A Computer Program for Detecting Recent Reductions in the Effective Size Using Allele Frequency Data. Journal of Heredity 1999, 90 (4), 502–503.
Pritchard, J. K.; Stephens, M.; Donnelly, P., Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data. Genetics 2000, 155 (2), 945–959.
Rosenberg, K. V; Raphael, M. G., Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Vertebrates in Douglas-Fir Forests 1986.
Rostami, R.; Seyedi, N.; Yousefzadeh, H., Genetic Diversity of Wild Apple (Malus Orientalis Uglitz.) in Hyrcanian Forests of Iran by SSR Markers. Forest Research and Development 2019, 5 (2),169-172 (In Persian)
Rousset, F. Genepop’007: A Complete Re‐implementation of the Genepop Software for Windows and Linux. Molecular ecology resources 2008, 8 (1), 103–106.
Szpiech, Z. A.; Jakobsson, M.; Rosenberg, N. A., ADZE: A Rarefaction Approach for Counting Alleles Private to Combinations of Populations. Bioinformatics 2008, 24 (21), 2498–2504.
Van Treuren, R.; Van Soest, L. J. M.; Van Hintum, T. J. L., Marker-Assisted Rationalisation of Genetic Resource Collections: A Case Study in Flax Using AFLPs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2001, 103 (1), 144–152.
Wiens, J. A., Metapopulation Dynamics and Landscape Ecology. In Metapopulation biology 1997; pp 43–62.
Wiens, J. J., The Niche, Biogeography and Species Interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011, 366 (1576), 2336–2350.
Khodadoost, A.; Yousefzadeh, H.; Amirchakhmaghi, N.; Abdollahi, H.; Hoseinzadeh, A., Genetic Diversity of Malus Orientalis in Hyrcanian Forest Using ISSR-PCR Markers. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Research 2017, 29 (4), 359–369 (In persian).
Zouros, E.; Singh, S. M.; Miles, H. E., Growth Rate in Oysters: An Overdominant Phenotype and Its Possible Explanations. Evolution 1980, 856–867.
Forest Research and Development
Volume 7, Issue 4
February 2022
Pages 671-686

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics