تأثیر گونه‌های نادر بر شاخص پیچیدگی ساختار (SCI) در جنگل‌های راش هیرکانی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

استاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

یکی از مهم­ترین اهداف مدیریت اکولوژیک جنگل‌ها افزایش پیچیدگی در ساختار توده‌های جنگلی است. همچنین با وجود توصیه به افزایش آمیختگی تا­کنون تأثیر حضور گونه‌های نادر بر کارکرد بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی به­خوبی بررسی نشده است. این پژوهش برای تحلیل حضور و فراوانی حضور و فراوانی گونه‌های نادر درختی بر مقدار شاخص پیچیدگی ساختار در توده‌های راش انجام شد. تعداد 12 قطعه یک­هکتاری با حضور گونه‌های نادر درختی انتخاب و پس از اندازه‌گیری ویژگی‌های ساختاری، شاخص چند متغیره پیچیدگی در هر یک از قطعات تعیین شد. برای برآورد این شاخص از 10 متغیر منفرد شامل تعداد درختان در واحد سطح، میانگین قطر، ضریب تغییرات قطر، ضریب جینی قطر، تعداد درختان قطورتر از 100 سانتی‌متر، نسبت تعداد درختان در اشکوب‌ها، نسبت روشنه، تعداد وحجم خشک‌دارها و تغییرات اندازه‌ای درختان استفاده شد. مقایسه مقدار همبستگی ارزش نسبی گونه‌های راش، پلت و گونه‌های نادر با شاخص پیچیدگی ساختار نشان­دهنده تفاوت‌ در تغییرات پیچیدگی با افزایش فراوانی گونه‌های درختی است. بر این اساس گونه‌های راش و ممرز به­عنوان دو گونه درختی غالب و دارای بیشترین ارزش نسبی همبستگی کمتری را با این شاخص نشان دادند. در­حالی­که گونه پلت و دیگر گونه‌های نادر شامل توسکا، نمدار و ملج رابطه مثبتی را با افزایش پیچیدگی در ساختار نشان می­دهند. از این­رو با توجه تأثیر مثبت حضور گونه‌های درختی نادر بر افزایش پیچیدگی ساختار توصیه می‌شود در حین اجرای عملیات پرورشی برای تنظیم آمیختگی توده‌های طبیعی گونه‌های نادر در توده حفظ شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Rare species impacts on structural complexity index (SCI) in the Hyrcanian beech forests

نویسنده [English]

  • Kiuomars Sefidi
Professor, Department of Forest Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardabil, I. R. Iran
چکیده [English]

One of the most important goals of the ecological management of forests is to enhance the complexity of the structure of the forest stands. Also, despite the recommendation to increase mixing, the consequence of the presence of rare tree species on the forest ecosystem functions has not been well clarified. This research was conducted to analyze the presence and abundance of rare tree species on the structural complexity index in beech stands. the number of 12 one-hectare study areas with the presence of rare tree species was selected and after measuring the structural features, the multivariate complexity index was determined in each of the plots. We employed ten variables including stem per hectare, mean diameter at breast height, coefficient of variation of dbh, diameter Gini coefficient, number of trees with a diameter larger than 100 cm at breast height, the ratio of the number of trees in different stories, the faction of canopy gaps, amount and volume of dead woods and tree size variation to the calculation of this index. Comparing the correlation between the relative importance value of beech, Maple, and other rare tree species with the structural complexity index revealed the differences in complexity variation toward the rising in the abundance of tree species. Accordingly, beech and hornbeam, as the two dominant tree species with the highest relative value, are weakly correlated with this index. While the maple and other rare tree species including alder, elm, and lime positively correlated with increasing complexity in the structure. According to the positive effect of the presence of rare tree species on the complexity of the structure of forest stands, it is recommended to the retention of rare tree species in stands to increase the complexity of the forest stands structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Tree size variations
  • nature conservation
  • rare tree species
  • ecological forest management
  • Closer to nature Silviculture
Alijani, V.; Feghhi, J.; Zobeiri, M.; Marvi Mohadjer, M., Investigation of different forest type’s structure with applying nearest neighbor indices (Case study: Gorazon district, Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology 2013, 2 (3), 13-24. (In Persian)
Amini, R.; Rahmani, R.; Parhizkar, P., Comparison of developmental stages in Beech-Hornbeam stands using non-spatial indices of stand structure. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research 2018, 26 (2), 156-167. (In Persian)
Brang, P.; Spathelf, P.; Larsen, J. B.; Bauhus, J.; Boncčìna, A.; Chauvin, C.; Drössler, L.; García-Güemes, C.; Heiri, C.; Kerr, G.; Lexer, M.J.; Mason, B.; Mohren, F.; Mühlethaler, U.; Nocentini, S.; Svoboda, M., Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 2014, 87 (4), 492-503.
Burner, R. C.; Drag, L.; Stephan, J. G.; Birkemoe, T.; Wetherbee, R.; Muller, J.; Siitonen, J.; Snäll, T.; Skarpaas, O.; Potterf, M.; Doerfler, I.; Gossner, M.M.; Schall, P.; Weisser, W.W.; Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Functional structure of European forest beetle communities is enhanced by rare species. Biological Conservation 2022, 267, 109491.
Dănescu, A.; Albrecht, A. T.; Bauhus, J., Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed, uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany. Oecologia 2016, 182 (2), 319-333.
Dee, L. E.; Cowles, J.; Isbell, F.; Pau, S.; Gaines, S. D.; Reich, P. B., When do ecosystem services depend on rare species? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2019, 34 (8), 746-758.
Ehbrecht, M.; Schall, P.; Ammer, C.; Seidel, D., Quantifying stand structural complexity and its relationship with forest management, tree species diversity and microclimate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2017, 242, 1-9.
Ellison, A. M.;  Bank, M. S.;  Clinton, B. D.;  Colburn, E. A.;  Elliott, K.;  Ford, C. R.;  Foster, D. R.;  Kloeppel, B. D.;  Knoepp, J. D.; Lovett, G. M.; Mohan, J.; Orwig, D.A.; Rodenhouse, N.L.; Sobczak, W.V.; Stinson, K.A.; Stone, J.K.; Swan, C.M.; Thompson, J.; Von Holle, B.; Webster, J.B., Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2005, 3 (9), 479-486.
Eshaghi-Rad, J.; Pak Gohar, N.; Banj Shafiei, A.; Alavi, S. J., The Elimination's effect of rare species on principle component Analysis (Case Study: Jamand district, Nowshahr). Forest Research and Development 2016, 1 (3), 257-269. (In Persian)
Farhadi, P.; Soosani, J.; Erfanifard, S. Y., Evaluation level of tree diversity in the Hyrcanian forests using complex structural diversity index (case study: beech-hornbeam type, Nav-e Asalem, Gilan). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research 2017, 25 (3), 495-505. (In Persian)
Franklin, J. F.; Van Pelt, R., Spatial aspects of structural complexity in old-growth forests. Journal of Forestry 2004, 102 (3), 22-28.
Gadow, K. v.; Zhang, C. Y.; Wehenkel, C.; Pommerening, A.; Corral-Rivas, J.; Korol, M.; Myklush, S.; Hui, G. Y.; Kiviste, A.; Zhao, X. H., Forest structure and diversity. Continuous cover forestry 2012, 29-83.
Gustafsson, L.; Baker, S. C.; Bauhus, J.; Beese, W. J.; Brodie, A.; Kouki, J.; Lindenmayer, D. B.; Lõhmus, A.; Pastur, G. M.; Messier, C.; Neyland, M.; Palik, B.; Sverdrup-Thygeson, A.; Volney, W.J.A.; Wayne, A.; Franklin, J.F., Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. BioScience 2012, 62 (7), 633-645.
Harnik, P. G.; Simpson, C.; Payne, J. L., Long-term differences in extinction risk among the seven forms of rarity. Presented at the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2012.
Juchheim, J.; Ehbrecht, M.; Schall, P.; Ammer, C.; Seidel, D., Effect of tree species mixing on stand structural complexity. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 2020, 93 (1), 75-83.
Kazempour Larsary, M., Spatial patterns, competition and spatial association of trees from different development stages in mixed beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands. Journal of Forest and Wood Products 2017, 70 (2), 303-314. (In Persian).
Korpel, S., Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia. Acta Fac For Zvolen 1982, 24, 9-30.
Lu, H.; Mohren, G. M.; Del Río, M.; Schelhaas, M.-J.; Bouwman, M.; Sterck, F. J., Species mixing effects on forest productivity: A case study at stand-, species-and tree-level in the Netherlands. Forests 2018, 9 (11), 713.
McElhinny, C.; Gibbons, P.; Brack, C.; Bauhus, J., Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management 2005, 218 (1-3), 1-24.
Mohammadi, L.; Mohadjer, M. R.; Etemad, V.; Sefidi, K.; Nasiri, N., Natural regeneration within natural and man-made canopy gaps in Caspian natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest, Northern Iran. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2020, 39 (1), 61-75.
Moridi, M.; Sefidi, K.; Etemad, V., Stand characteristics of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in the stem exclusion phase, northern Iran. European journal of forest research 2015, 134, 693-703.
Nasiri, N.; Marvie Mohadjer, M. R.; Etemad, V.; Sefidi, K.; Mohammadi, L.; Gharehaghaji, M., Natural regeneration of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) trees in canopy gaps and under closed canopy in a forest in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 2018, 29, 1075-1081.
Ngo, T. L.; Hölscher, D., The fate of five rare tree species after logging in a tropical limestone forest (Xuan Son National Park, northern Vietnam). Tropical Conservation Science 2014, 7 (2), 326-341.
Nobahar, S.; Sefidi, K.; Sagheb Talebi, K., Quantifying the structure of beech stands at old growth phase (Case study: Asalem forests, northern Iran). Forest research and development 2018, 4 (1), 85-96.
Pour, M. J.; Marvi Mohajer, M. R.; Etemad, V.; Jourgholami, M., Determining structural variation in a managed mixed stand in an old-growth forest, northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 2019, 30, 1859-1871.
Puettmann, K. J.; Wilson, S. M.; Baker, S. C.; Donoso, P. J.; Drössler, L.; Amente, G.; Harvey, B. D.; Knoke, T.; Lu, Y.; Nocentini, S.; Putz, F.E.; Yoshida, T.; Bauhus, J., Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management-what limits global adoption? Forest Ecosystems 2015, 2 (1), 1-16.
Rubino, D. L.; McCarthy, B. C., Evaluation of coarse woody debris and forest vegetation across topographic gradients in a southern Ohio forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2003, 183 (1-3), 221-238.
Sabatini, F. M.; Burrascano, S.; Lombardi, F.; Chirici, G.; Blasi, C., An index of structural complexity for Apennine beech forests. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry 2015, 8 (3), 314.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Annual Report of Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands: Tehran, Iran, 2013. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K.; Copenheaver, C. A.; Sadeghi, S. M. M., Anthropogenic pressures decrease structural complexity in Caucasian forests of Iran. Écoscience 2022, 29 (3), 199-209.
Sefidi, K.; Mohadjer, M. R. M.; Mosandl, R.; Copenheaver, C. A., Coarse and fine woody debris in mature Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of northern Iran. Natural Areas Journal 2013, 33 (3), 248-255.
Sefidi. K., Closer to Nature Silviculture, Concepts to ecological management of forest ecosystems, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Press: Ardabil, Iran, 2023.
Seidel, D.; Leuschner, C.; Scherber, C.; Beyer, F.; Wommelsdorf, T.; Cashman, M. J.; Fehrmann, L., The relationship between tree species richness, canopy space exploration and productivity in a temperate broad-leaf mixed forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2013, 310, 366-374.
Violle, C.; Thuiller, W.; Mouquet, N.; Munoz, F.; Kraft, N. J.; Cadotte, M. W.; Livingstone, S. W.; Mouillot, D., Functional rarity: the ecology of outliers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2017, 32 (5), 356-367.
Zhang, S.; Zang, R.; Sheil, D., Rare and common species contribute disproportionately to the functional variation within tropical forests. Journal of Environmental Management 2022, 304, 114332.