Changes of landscape metrics in Arsbaran forests during 45 years of protection

Document Type : Scientific article

Authors

1 PhD of Forestry, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran

2 Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia ‎University, Urmia, I. R. Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, I. R. ‎Iran

Abstract

The variations in the number of six parameters of the landscape metrics in Arasbaran forests were explored in this study. Landsat 8 images from August 2015 were utilized for this purpose. For both protected and non-protected regions, forest and non-forest land use maps (kappa coefficient 0.9) were created, and necessary values were estimated using this map. According to the results, forest covers 34.98% of the protected area and 48.33% of the non-protected area, based on the index of the ratio of the area of the forest class to the surface of the land. In terms of the index of the larger patch of forest class, it was discovered that the largest patch of forest covers 22.0207% of the land in the protected region, while 41.3870% of the area in the unprotected area. In addition, the value of the index of the average area of a patch of the forest class in the non-protected area (8.4947 hectares) is more than twice that of the protected area (18.2241 hectares), and the value of both indicators patch density and edge density in the protected area is higher than in the non-protected area. According to the findings, the presence of processes of forest surface fragmentation is more visible in the protected area than in the non-protected region.

Keywords


Alijanpour, A.; Zobeiri, M.; Marvi, M.; Zargham, N.; Feghhi, J., Comparison of qualitative characteristics of forest stands at both Arasbaran protected and non-protected areas. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 2004, 57 (3), 447-453.
Amini Parsa, V.; Yavari, A.; Nejadi, A., Spatio-temporal analysis of land use/land cover pattern changes in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve: Iran. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 2016, 2, 1-13.
Arekhi, S., Application of landscape metrics in assessing land use changes' trend by using remote sensing and GIS case study: Dehloran desert area. Geography and Development Iranian Journal 2015, 13 (40), 59-68.  (In persian)
Arekhi, S.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Yousefi, S., Modeling deforestation using logistic regression, GIS and RS case study: Northern forests of the Ilam province. Geography and Development, 2013. 29, 31-42.
Darvish Sefat, A.; Bagheri, M.; Ghorbani, M.; Zahedi Amiri, G., Spatial forest disturbance modeling using landscape metrics in Sarvelat protected area of Iran. Journal of Forest and Wood Products 2018, 71 (1), 23-33. (In persian)
de Barros Ferraz, S. F.; Vettorazzi, C. A.; Theobald, D. M.; Ballester, M. V. R., Landscape dynamics of Amazonian deforestation between 1984 and 2002 in central Rondônia, Brazil: assessment and future scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management 2005, 204 (1), 69-85.
Deng, J. S.; Wang, K.; Hong, Y.; Qi, J. G., Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization. Landscape and Urban Planning 2009, 92 (3-4), 187-198.
Dudley, N.; Jeanrenaud, J.-P.; Sullivan, F., Bad harvest: The timber trade and the degradation of global forests. Routledge: 2014.
Ebady, A.; Omidvar, A., Relationship between some ecological factors and distribution of yew tree (Taxus baccuta L.) in Arasbaran forests (Case study: Ilganechay and Horand regions). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research 2011, 19 (3), 339-327.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), State of the World’s Forests 2003. FAO, Rome, Italy, 2003; 151p.
Forman, R. T., Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press: 1995.
Forman, R. T., Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape ecology 1995, 10, 133-142.
Forman, R. T., The beginnings of landscape ecology in America. Changing landscapes: An ecological perspective 1990, 35-41.
Ghorbani, M.; Darvishsefat, A. A.; Jabbarian Amiri, B.; Bagheri, M., Spatial forest disturbance modeling using landscape metrics in Golestan national park of Iran. Forest Research and Development 2018, 4 (3), 303-317. (In persian)
Gruenberg, W.; Curtin, P.; Shaw, W., Deforestation Risk for the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. School of Renewable Natural Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA 2000.
Günlü, A.; Sivrikaya, F.; Baskent, E. Z.; Keles, S.; Çakir, G.; Kadiogullari, A. İ., Estimation of stand type parameters and land cover using Landsat-7 ETM image: A case study from Turkey. Sensors 2008, 8 (4), 2509-2525.
Heidari Masteali, S.; Jabbarian Amiri, B.; Kaboli, M.; Bayat, M., Quantitative assessment of connectivity of forest patches in Caspian Sea catchment using landscape and graph theory indexes. Forest and Wood Products 2022, 74 (4), 407-420. (In Persian)
Houghton, R., Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance. Global change biology 2005, 11 (6), 945-958.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate change the physical basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007.
Karami, A.; Feghhi, J., Investigation of Quantitative metrics to protect the landscape in land use by sustainable pattern (Case study: Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad). Journal of Environmental Studies 2012, 37 (60), 79-88.
Linkie, M.; Smith, R. J.; Leader-Williams, N., Mapping and predicting deforestation patterns in the lowlands of Sumatra. Biodiversity & Conservation 2004, 13, 1809-1818.
Liu, S.; Dong, Y.; Deng, L.; Liu, Q.; Zhao, H.; Dong, S., Forest fragmentation and landscape connectivity change associated with road network extension and city expansion: A case study in the Lancang River Valley. Ecological Indicators 2014, 36, 160-168.
Mansouri, M.; Badehian, Z.; Ghobadi, M.; Maleknia, R., Application of Landscape Ecology Measures in Analysis and Quantification of Land Cover in Forest Ecosystems (Study Area: Dadabad Sub-Basin, Khorramabad City) Abstract. Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation 2021, 9 (18), 151-172.
Matsushita, B.; Yang, W.; Chen, J.; Onda, Y.; Qiu, G., Sensitivity of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to topographic effects: a case study in high-density cypress forest. Sensors 2007, 7 (11), 2636-2651.
McGarigal, K., FRAGSTATS help. University of Massachusetts: Amherst, MA, USA, 2015; p 182.
Michalski, F.; Peres, C. A., Gamebird responses to anthropogenic forest fragmentation and degradation in a southern Amazonian landscape. PeerJ 2017, 5, e3442.
Mokhtari, Z.; Sayahniya, R., The basics of studying and quantifying the structure of the landscape along with the Fragstats 4.2 software guide, Avai Qalam Publishing House, Tehran, 154 p, 2017. (In persian)
Nazarnejad, H.; Hoseini, M.; Hamze, S., Analysis of temporal-spatial variations of land use in Predanan Piranshahr using LandScape Metrics. Forest Research and Development 2018, 4 (2), 241-255. (In persian)
Pawar, K.; Rothkar, R. V., Forest conservation & environmental awareness. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 2015, 11, 212-215.
Rahdari, V.; Soffianian, A.; Khajaldin, S. J.; Maleki Najfabdai, S., Identification of Satellite Image Ability for Vegetation Cover Crown Percentage Mapping in Arid and Semi Arid Region (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2014, 15 (4), 43-54. (In persian)
Raya, S.; Singhb, J.; Dasa, G.; Panigrahyb, S., Use of high resolution remote sensing data for generating site-specific soil mangement plan. Red 2004, 550 (88.6), 727.
Rostamvandi Zabrlou, A.; Salehi, A.; Farzin, M., Determining the extent of land degradation in Dena Protected Area between 2009 and 2017. Journal of Natural Environment 2022. 74 (4), 677-693. (In persian)
Sagheb-Talebi, K.; Pourhashemi, M.; Sajedi, T., Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future. Springer: 2014.
Sasanifar, S.; Alijanpour, A.; Shafiei, A. B.; Eshagi Rad, J.; Molaei, M.; Azadi, H., Forest protection policy: Lesson learned from Arasbaran biosphere reserve in Northwest Iran. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104057.
Schreiber, K.-F., The history of landscape ecology in Europe. In Changing landscapes: an Ecological Perspective, Springer: 1990; pp 21-33.
Sepahvand, P.; Zebardast, L.; Yavari, A., Wildlife population trends and Investigating land cover changes using landscape ecological approach in Golestan National Park, Iran. Journal of Animal Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 2022, 35 (4), 326-341.
Serra, P.; Pons, X.; Saurí, D., Land-cover and land-use change in a Mediterranean landscape: a spatial analysis of driving forces integrating biophysical and human factors. Applied geography 2008, 28 (3), 189-209.
Shalaby, A.; Tateishi, R., Remote sensing and GIS for mapping and monitoring land cover and land-use changes in the Northwestern coastal zone of Egypt. Applied Geography 2007, 27 (1), 28-41.
Soleimani, A.; Hojati, M., Investigation and Quantification of Variations of Landscape Measures using Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indices (Case Study: Dez Protected Area). Human & Environment 2018, 16 (3), 65-76. (In persian)
Sorrell, J., Using geographic information systems to evaluate forest fragmentation and identify wildlife corridor opportunities in the Cataraqui watershed. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ont, Canada, 1997.
Wyman, M. S.; Stein, T. V., Modeling social and land-use/land-cover change data to assess drivers of smallholder deforestation in Belize. Applied Geography 2010, 30 (3), 329-342.